Final Exam

UNIVERSITY NAROTAMA

 

NAME OF STUDENT: Ala Yahya Alamrani

ID:01219173

• Q1:Explain the three dimensions of organization in relation to organizational behaviour?

1- Interpretation of organizational behaviour: When we seek to answer the question (why) an individual or group of individuals behaves in a certain way, we enter into the field of the goal of the interpretation of human behaviour, and this goal may be the least important of the three goals from the administration’s point of view, because it is after The occurrence of the matter or event, but despite this, understanding any phenomenon begins with trying to explain, then using this understanding to determine the cause of the behaviour, for example if a number of individuals with a high value to the organization submitted a request for collective resignation, the administration of course seeks to find the reason to determine whether It could have been avoided in the future, as individuals could leave work for many reasons, but when a high rate of leave is interpreted as a result of a low wage, or red tape at work, managers often can take appropriate corrective actions in the future.

2- Predicting behaviour: The prediction aims to focus on future events, as it seeks to determine the consequences of a particular behaviour, and depending on the information and knowledge available from the organizational behaviour, the manager can predict behavioural uses towards change, and the manager can by predicting the responses of individuals, To know the approaches that have the least degree of resistance of individuals to change, and then the manager can make his decisions in a correct way.

3- Control and control of behaviour: The goal of controlling and controlling organizational behaviour is one of the most important and difficult goals. When the manager thinks how he can make an individual make a greater effort at work, this manager is interested in controlling and controlling behaviour, and from the point of view of managers, the greatest A contribution to organizational behaviour, which is to achieve the goal of controlling and controlling behaviour, which leads to achieving the goal of efficiency and effectiveness in the performance of tasks.

• Q2: In theory, a bureaucracy has various characteristics that can be distinguished from other provisions of an organization. Some very important traits found in an organization are, mention it?

There are four main characteristics as follow:

1. Tradition

Tradition is an idea, belief, custom, habit, or ritual that has been handed down from generation to generation. In addition to being idea-based, tradition can also include material culture. i.e. You were poor because God wanted it that way, or you were part of the nobility because God wanted it that way. This wasn’t questioned it simply existed as such.

2.Rationality

In direct contrast to traditionality in society is rationality. You’re likely far more familiar with a rational organization in a rational worldview because it's what dominates society today. Rationality is defined as a calculated, practical way to look at the world, that is designed to accomplish tasks most efficiently.

3.Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy, or the bureaucratic organizational form, is considered to be the epitome of a rational world view. A bureaucracy is a model for an organization, designed to accomplish tasks the most efficient way possible.

4 Weber's Six Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Max Weber argued that the bureaucratic organizational form is characterized by six features: 1) Specialization and Division of Labor; 2) Hierarchical Authority Structures; 3) Rules and Regulations; 4) Technical Competence Guidelines; 5) Impersonality and Personal Indifference; 6) A Standard of Formal, Written Communications.

• Q3: The elements that are very instrumental in an organization and are very sure that a procedure is obeyed are the authority and sense of responsibility held by its officials. For this reason, Weber believes that an official can obtain authority by identifying the sources of his authority, among them are ...?

Weber’s Three Types of Authority

 Traditional Charismatic Legal-Rational

Source of Power Legitimized by long-standing custom Based on a leader’s personal qualities Authority resides in the office, not the person

Leadership Style Historic personality Dynamic personality Bureaucratic officials

Example Patriarchy (traditional positions of authority) Napoleon, Jesus Christ, Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King, Jr. U.S. presidency and Congress

Modern British Parliament

• Q4: Understanding the organization according to Nawawi, basically has 4 (four) main elements, isn't it?

Four common elements of an organization’s structure as followed:

1. Common Purpose

An organization without a clear purpose or mission soon begins to drift and become disorganized. A common purpose unifies employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of the organization’s direction.

2. Coordinated Effort

Coordinating effort involves working together in a way that maximizes resources. The common purpose is achieved through the coordinated effort of all individuals and groups within an organization.

3. Division of Labor

Division of labor is also known as work specification for greater efficiency. It involves delegating specific parts of a broader task to different people within the organization based upon their particular abilities and skills.

4. Hierarchy of Authority

Hierarchy of authority is essentially the chain of command a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time.

• Q5: Complete the Chart of Organizational Behaviour Models below?

• Q6: What are the basic human principles in Organizational Behavior according to Thoha?

1. People/ Employee:

The employee is one of the very important parts of an organization. There is no alternative in an organization without employees/people. Organizations and employees are connected to each other and it will remain forever.

2. Structure:

This is the second step in organizational behavior. Actually, Structure means the formal relationship with on the job employee of an organization. There is created different types of position for doing work nicely in the organization.

3. Technology:

Technology is a very important primary aspect of organizational structure in the modern age. Technology supplies essential resources and equipment to the employee for doing their work efficiently. Thus, technology affects their activity.

4. Social System:

Everything around us is society and everyone in social lives together. The social system determines the organizational work environment and from which the organization can operate.

5. Environment:

There is no organization where they can survive alone. Every organization has to work on the internal and external environment. Management has to come near to all the staff to maintain a good working environment.

• Q7: Social Effects of Good Organizational Behavior based on activities, interactions, and sentiments (feelings or emotions). Are there three elements which are directly related to each other, mentioned and explained? 

• Organizational Culture

Organizational culture consists of values and motives that contribute to the environment within an organization. It influences the way people work and interact with each other. Employees become more responsible when they feel respected and become an integral part of the team.

• Incentive System

Employees tend to feel more motivated when there is a solid reward system. Once this effective system is established, it is necessary to reward employees who perform well. They should be consistently applied within the company.

• Decision Making

Organizational behavior changes the way people make decisions. Businesses that are able to encourage risks in decision making within the company culture can enhance innovation and creativity. Effective communication allows managers and employees to understand the business context and provides the opportunity for employees to get involved.

• Q8: Sociologists and psychologists who study social behavior from people in organizations identify some differences from the type of a group. Mention it?

The differences between the Sociologists and psychologists:

First the Sociology: Examines human social systems, like groups, societies and organizations, ranging from groups as small as a family to those as large as an entire religion. As a sociology student, you may examine various groups from different perspectives, like race, social class or religion. Sociology is rooted in research, and students can expect to learn research techniques with broad applications. For example, a sociology student may study the culture of prison inmates, corporate decision-making approaches, or family life in a religious group.

Second the Psychology: Uses an analytical lens to understand human behavior. Like sociology, many of the skills a student obtains from a psychology degree have very broad applications. Psychology students will learn how to diagnose and treat psychological disorders, assess learning disabilities, and understand racial and gender identity. Psychology blends these analytical skills with critical thinking to both understand behavior and treat it.

• Q9: According to Gito Sudarmo (2000: 66) group performance can be influenced by two things, namely external factors and internal factors, mention?

• External Factors Affecting an Organization

External factors that affect an organization may be political, economic, social or technological. The same internal factors that lead to an organization's success inevitably characterize that organization's relationship to the external environment in these broad areas.

An organization with a clear sense of mission, for example, can explain itself better to the world and can align itself with the positive elements in each area.

• Internal Factors: Mission

Why does an organization exist? What is its purpose? Answering these fundamental questions describes an organization's mission. A successful organization has a clear sense of its ultimate purpose and knows how it intends to fulfil that purpose.

Steve Jobs' original mission statement for Apple is a great example that describes in a few words both the company's ultimate goal, "To make a contribution to the world," and how it intends to reach that goal, "by making tools for the mind that advance humankind."